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Calculus bovis
''Calculus bovis'',〔Ingredients, AN KUNG NIU HUANG WAN (''Bezoar Chest Functioning Pills''), Peking Tung Jen Tang, Peking, China. 1980.〕 ''niu-huang'' or ''ox bezoars'' are dried gallstones of cattle used in Chinese herbology. It is used to remove toxins from the body. In Asian countries calculus bovis are harvestedwhen cattle (''Bos taurus domesticus'' Gmelin) are slaughtered. Their gall bladders are taken out, the bile is filtered, and the stones are cleaned and dried. In western countries they are usually discarded.
Calculus bovis have a color varying from golden yellow to brownish yellow. The shape of a stone is variable and depends on how it was formed, becoming spherical, oval, triangular, tubular or irregular.
Since natural calculus bovis are scarce they can be very expensive. There are artificial calculus bovis used as substitutes. These are manufactured from cholic acid derived from bovine bile,〔http://www.nzp.co.nz/products.php?cid=1&pid=1〕 but it is said that the effect may not be the same.
== References ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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